Arteriol Blood Flow of the Kidney

Blood flow to the kidneys begins through the Renal Artery.
The Renal Arteries then split off to Segmental Arteries.
The Segmental Arteries branch off into interlobar arteries which pass through the Renal Pyramids.
Each pyramid at the base of the interlobar arteries branch off to arcute arteries.
Off the Arcute Arteries are little interlobular arteries - they pass through the renal lobules.
They then enter the renal cortex and branch off to afferent arterioles. Each Nephron recieves one afferent arteriole which divide into a capillary network called the glomerulus.

Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes

there are about 3-5 deep inguinal lymph nodes.

they are located medial to the femoral vien.

The superior most node is located under the inguinal ligament.

Superficial Inguinal Nodes

Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes form a chain beneath the inguinal ligament.

There are approximately 10 superficial lymph nodes.

The superficial nodes drain to the deep inguinal lymph nodes.

Axillary Nodes

Axillary Nodes:

1. Brachial Lymph nodes

2.pectoral axillary lymph nodes

3. subscapular axillary lymph nodes

4. central lymph nodes

5. apical lymph nodes

Cervical Nodes

Cervical Nodes. There are aprroximately 300 nodes in the neck. There are 6 layers of Cervical Lymph nodes.

Layer 1: Submental and Submandibular nodes

Layer 2: Upper Jugular nodes

Layer 3: Middle jugular nodes

Layer 4: lower jugular nodes

Layer 5: Posterior triangle

Layer 6: anterior compartment

Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways are sequenced reactions. Some are catabolic which produce energy in some phosphate groups.
3 Metabolic pathways:
1. Occurs in the cytoplasm also known as Glycolysis. All organisms undergo glycolysis in all cells (animals, plants and bacteria). NADH.
2. occurs in mitochondrial matrix cytoplasm within the mitocondria. Only Eukaryotic cells have mitocondria. (Kreb's cycle, Citric Acid cycle, Tri-carboxylic acid (TCA)). NADH and FADH2.
3. Occurs in mitocondrial Cristae (inner membrane). ETS = Electron Transport System. All about the transfer of electrons. ATP.
Glucose is cut in half in Glycolysis.

Metabolism

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the human body.
Two types are Anabolic and Catabolic.
ATP = Nucleotide which makes it a nucliec acid. ATP is composed of a Phosphate, sugar and Nitrogen base (G,A,T,C, U)
When ATP turns into ADP there is a release of alot of energy.
ATP is the highest energy containing molecule.
When ADP goes to AMP energy is also released.
The definition of Energy is one reaction to another by transferring molecules from one to another.
Kinases - Phosphate group transfers from molecule A to Molecule B now molecule B is energized.
Polarity will drive it away (negative to positive)

Fetal circulation/Cardiac Output

There are 3 vessels located in the Umbilical Cord. 1 Vein and 2 arteries. The cool thing about the arteries is that they wrap around the vein. The works of the vein and artery are reversed compared to an adult. The vein pumps oxygen rich blood from the placenta and the deoxygenated blood comes back out through the arteries. Another thing is that you can bank your babies cord blood. The story that was told in anatomy about the boy really made me think and I am surely going to bank my babies blood when I have one just in case something happens in the future. The cord blood are indiffentriated = p cells. These cord blood cells can be turned into both red and white blood cells. This is very expensive to do costing $2000 the first year and about $150 a year after that.

Cardiac output is the heart rate times the stroke volume. CO is the amount of blood (volume) pumped out by ventricles every 1 minute, which is about 5 to 6 liters. we have about 5 liters in our body so every minute our heart pumps all the blood in our bodies. Crazy!! The stroke volume is the blood being ejected from the ventricles.

The Heart

In lecture class we discussed the HEART! The heart is quiet amazing. It pumps blood all through our entire body and keeps us alive. There are many parts to the heart. It is made up of muscles, veins and artery's.

Coronary Circulatory Pathways. These artery's wrap themselves around the entire heart. The first two branches are the left and right coronary artery's.

An interesting fact is that the top of the heart is the base. Usually when things are referred to as the base it means this bottom. But the base of the heart is actually the top. Kinda cool!

The artery's also have valves. Valves are flaps of fibrous connective tissue. when the weight/volume of the blood becomes great it pushes the valves open and blood is pumped through our body.

There are also tiny white chords in our heart. The chords tighten to help the valves close. We just did the heart dissection in lab and saw these chords. It is pretty cool to think that those are actually in our heart. Also 10% of people have a Mitral Valve Disorder.

I always wanted to know what a bi-pass

surgery was. And in lecture I finally found out what it was! It is when a vein from the leg is taken and placed in the heart. It is placed as a bridge over part of the that is blocked. This can be single, double or a triple if needed.

The heart also has an electrical conduction.

The Electrocardium is simple squamous cells.

The Myocardium is cardiac muscle cells.

The Epicardium is also known as the "Peri-Cardium"

Blood, Bone Marrow and Blood Types

This was a jammed pack full chapter as I am looking over my notes and see that I took 10 pages of notes. Wicked!!! In class this past week we talked about the blood, bone marrow and blood types.

In the picture below the blood cells look like cheerios....Dont they?

I learned that blood is made up of Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes, White Blood Cells - Leukocytes and Platelets - Thrombocytes. This was funny. The way to remember the 5 categories of white blood cells is this saying: never let monkeys eat banana's.

N= Neurophils (70-80%) they are phagocytic cells which destroy foreign material and digest it
L= Lymphocytes (20-30%)
M= Monocytes (less than 10%) capable of many phagocytic events E= Eosinophil (3-8%) B= Basophil (less than 0.1%) releases Histamine, which is a blood vessel dilator

Above, L to R, a Erythrocyte, a Thrombocyte and a Leukocyte.

BONE MARROW:
Bone marrow is found and is easily taken out of the flat bones in our body. The flat bones are the sternum, scapula's and the flat bone in the pelvis. The most common place for Red Bone marrow to be taken out is in the hips because there is less muscle and adipose tissue there.

If I could be a cell in the body I would want to be a Totiponent cell because these cells have the capability to become any cell that it wants to in the human body. On the other hand Pluripotent cells are already specialized in what they are going to be. That must be boring.

Its crazy to think that our body is capable of doing so many things at once. You would think that we would crash from overloads like computers do but we don't. It is amazing to think that we make millions of new red blood cells everyday. that is EVERYDAY! But you would think we would become plugged up with so many red blood cells, but the old red blood cells make there way to the spleen where they die and get eaten by the Macrophages. Don't worry though, because if you do not have your spleen due to it being removed, then Your liver is doing all the work now. The life of a blood cell is 90-120 days.

BLOOD TYPES:
I just donated blood at the blood drive that was held here at EMCC. It was my very first time giving blood. I was not able to give too much because I started to think about it too much and was going to pass out. I can at least say that I did it and helped someone else. I do not know what type of blood that I have circulating in me. Which is should probably know. There are 4 types: A, B, AB and type Rh factor. It was interesting to see how it was possible to have a different blood type than a member of your family.

Steriod Hormones

Ok well we had a couple weeks off from lecture class...
when we came back this week we talked about steriod hormones....
I really remember the estrogen hormone...cause well duh, I am a girl....lol
Estrogens diffuse easily across the cell membranes and when they are inside the cell body the interact with estrogen receptors.
Sex Hormones consist of androgens, estrogens & progestagens.
Corticosteriods consist of glucocorticiods and mineralcoritoids. Gluco controls metabolism & immune functions. Mineral controls blood volume.
Anabolic steriods increase bone and muscle synthesis.
steriod hormones are basically transported in the blood.
I will add more later....

Eyes!!!

Oh was this lecture exciting or what!! I dont know what it is about talking about the eye, but it made my eyes hurt, lol!! I am finding the 3 hours hard to sit through and pay attention, but this past week was kinda hard because after taking the test and then having to focus for another 2 someodd hours just about fried my brain, But I survived. haha..

ok back to the eyes.....

Some interesting things that I learned is that our Rods and Cones determine what we see. Frist light comes into the eye and enters the forea. The Forea is the shallow depression where light goes. The light has to pass through 3 layers on cells to reach the rods and cones. The Rods and cones are in the deepest layer in the eye. The Cone cells are sensitive to types of light like green, red and blue. They give sharpness to images. The Rod cells are sensitive to shades of gray - from black to white. We all know the colors of the rainbow by Roy G. Biv with R standing for red and red having the longer wavelength. B standing for blue have shorter wavelengths.

Now I also learned that rod and cone cells cannot regenerate, if they did no one would be blind.

Another cool thing is that the lens in our eye is held there by suspensory ligaments. Little tiny ligaments hold our lens in place. the human body is so amazing!!! It only gets better, We also have a canal of Shlem which is a tube inside the cilliary body which is constantly producing Aquias Humor. But oh no, the eye does not get filled with this liquid. It is reabsorbed because the eye is constantly producing more than it knows what to do with. Eevntually when you get old you might get Glacoma.

Towards the end of class the discussion of cGMP and GMP was disscused. cGMP keeps Na+ channels open. GMP keeps Na+ channels shut. The Cis-Retinal activates the g-protein which causes a subunit P and activates an enzyme called Adenylate Cyclase which generates GTP and turns it into cGMP and gluamate is released. Every portien has 3 subunits.
The last paragraph is kinda off, it is just what I had in my notes and I cannot remember much about it. If anyone can correct me please do! Have a good Vacation guys!

Peripheral nervous System

Ok well I had this all typed out at first and then it "disappeared". So here I go again...

The PNS is the nervous tissue found outside the brain and spinal cord. PNS can be divided into two functional systems which are the Somatic Nervous system and the Automatic Nervous system.

There are 31 Spinal nerves. Cervical Nerves = 8 pair. Thoracic Nerves = 12 paris. Lumbar Nerves = 5 pair. Sacral Nerves = 5 paris. The coccygeal Nerves = 1 pair. Add them all up and you get the 31 nerve pairs.

The 3 major plexus are the Cervical Plexus, Bracial Plexus and the Lumbar Plexus. The Cervical Plexus is C1-C5. Remember that C3, C4 and C5 Keep you alive. This is where the Frantic Nerve is located. Most Cervical Injuries happen at C6. But if you get an injury above C5 = YOUR DEAD!

The Bracial plexus contains 5 nerves. The Musculocutaneous nerve, Axillary Nerve, Median Nerve, Radial Nerve, and Ulnar Nereve. They direct sensory info from the skin, joints and tendons such as pain and temp. The Lumbar Plexus is L1-L4. L2, 3 & 4 are the Obturator Nerve. L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 = the Sciatic Nerve which splits into two. Example would be Common Fibular nerve and the Tibial Nerve (leg and shin). The Pudendal Nerve is S2, 3 & 4 - Keeps your penis off the floor (if you have one).

Then we talked about the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the Sympathetic Nervous system. The PNS is "feed and breed" and in a male is the cause of Erection. The SNS is "fight or flight" and is the cause of ejaculation in the male. . They both release Ach. Sympathetic is much more of a mass discharge.